HEART FAILURE
Clinical Overview

Pharmacotherapy

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⁸ The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Study (CONSENSUS). NEJM 1987;316:1429-35.

⁹ Cohn JN, Johnson G, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. NEJM 1991;325:303-10.

¹⁰ SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. NEJM 1991;325:293-302.

¹¹ Packer M. Presentation of ATLAS study at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Cardiology; March 16-19, 1998; Atlanta, Ga.

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¹³ The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821-28.

¹⁴ ISIS Collaborative group. ISIS-4: randomized study of oral captopril in over 50,000 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88(Suppl 1):1394.

¹⁵ GISSI-3. Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glycerin trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:1115-22.

¹⁶ Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. NEJM 1995;332:80-5.

¹⁷ Remme WJ. Bradykinin-mediated cardiovascular protective actions of ACE inhibitor: a new dimension in anti-ischaemic therapy? Drugs 1997;54(Suppl 5):59-70.

¹⁸ Haffner CA, Kendall MJ, et al. Effects of captopril and enalapril on renal function in elderly patients with chronic renal failure. Postgrad Med J 1995;71:287-92.

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²¹ Reid JL, MacFadyen R et al. Inhibition of tissue versus plasma ACE: clinical implications. Choices in Cardiol 1992;6(Suppl 1):21-23.

²² Williamson KM, Thrasher KA, et al. Digoxin toxicity: an evaluation in current clinical practice. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158:2444-2449.

²³ Uretsky BF, Young JB, et al. Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial. PROVED Investigative Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:955-62.

²⁴ Packer M, Gheorghiade M, et al. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. RADIANCE Study. NEJM 1993;329:1-7.

²⁵ The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. NEJM 1997;336:525-33.

²⁶ Young JB, Gheorghiade M, et al. Superiority of "triple" drug therapy in heart failure: insights from the PROVED and RADIANCE trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:686-92.

²⁷ van Veldhuisen DJ, de Graeff PA, et al. Value of digoxin in heart failure and sinus rhythm: new features of an old drug? J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:813-9.

²⁸ Cohn JN. The management of chronic heart failure. NEJM 1996;335:490-498.

²⁹ Cohn JN, Archibald DG, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study (V-HeFT). NEJM 1986;314:1547-52.

³⁰ Hjalmarson A, Kneider M, Waagstein F. The role of beta-blockers in left-ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Drugs. 1997;54:501-10.

³¹ Heidenreich PA, Lee TT, Massie BM. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:27-34.

³² White CM. Catecholamines and their blockade in congestive heart failure. Am J Health-syst Pharm 1998;55:676-82.

³³ Frishman WH. Drug therapy: Carvedilol. NEJM 1998;339:1759-1765.

³⁴ Chen BP, Chow MS. Focus on carvedilol: a novel beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Formulary 1997;32:795-805.

³⁵ Packer M, Bristow MR, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. NEJM 1996;334:1349-55.

³⁶ Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1997; 349: 375-80.

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