HEART
FAILURE
Clinical Overview
Epidemiology
and Pathophysiology
1 American Heart Association. 1998 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association.
2Rich, MW. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Etiology of Congestive Heart Failure in Older Adults. JAGS 1997; 45: 968-974
3Weintraub NL, Chaitman BR. Newer concepts in the medical management of patients with congestive heart failure. Clin Cardiol 1993;16:380-390.
4Konstam M, Dreacup K, Baker D et al. Heart failure: Evaluation and care of patients with left-ventriular systolic dysfunction. AHCPR, June 1994
5 Wheeldon NM, Clarkson P, MacKonald TM. Diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart Journ 1994;15:1689-97.
6 Johnson JA, Lalonde RL. Congestive Heart Failure. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Hayes PE, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach 2nd ed. New York, NY. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. 1992;139-159.
7Patterson JH, Adams KF. Pathophysiology of heart failure: Changing perceptions. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16(2 Pt 2):27S-36S.
8 Jensen GA, Miller DS. The heart of aging: special challenges of cardiac ischemic disease and failure in the elderly. AACN 1995;6:47-81.
9 Brilla CA. The cardiac structure-function relationship and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertension and heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 1994;9(Suppl 1):S2-S11.
10 Tresch DD, McGough MF. Heart failure with normal systolic function: A common disorder in older people. JAGS 1995;43:1035-42.
11 Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronszon I et al. Prognosis of congestive heart failure in elderly patients with normal versus abnormal left ventricular systolic function associated with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1257-59.
12 Gaasch WH. Diagnosis and treatment of heart failure based on left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. JAMA 1994;271:1276-80.
13 Garg R, Yusuf S. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA 1995;273(18):1450-56.
All Rights Reserved.